Cov lus nug ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo ntawm cov ntawv nyiaj txiag, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam raws li, hais, lawv cov lus qhia ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav nthuav kom nkag siab zoo li cas cov hlau thiab alloys tau siv rau kev tsim cov nyom sib tw tag nrho lawv siv hauv Lavxias.
Muaj nuj nqis nyiaj
Los ntawm xyoo dhau mus rau xyoo pua, ntau cov khoom siv hlau tau siv los tso cov nyiaj npib. Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua paub, peb cov khoom siv hlau me tau siv rau qhov no - feem ntau, tau kawg, kub, nyiaj, thiab kuj tooj. Pib xyoo 1828, platinum koom nrog lawv qib. Txawm li cas los xij, platinum npib tsis tau ntev ntev. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1845, lawv tau tsum tsis ua tiav, thiab cov neeg siv tau thim tawm ntawm kev ncig mus ncig.
Mus txog xyoo 1926, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov teeb meem hais txog kev txav cov nyom. Hauv tib lub xyoo, tooj liab hauv npib tau hloov nrog tooj txhuam tooj. Cov nyiaj hauv cov nyiaj tau muab tso cai txog xyoo 1931, thiab tom qab ntawv ces cov nyiaj cupronickel tuaj hloov lawv. Los ntawm qhov no peb tuaj yeem hais tias ib lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev tsim cov npib tau pib, hauv cov hlau uas muaj nqi ntau tau hloov cov hlau tsis xeb los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj nqi.
Cov tooj dag thiab tooj dag
Lub npe hu ua aluminium bronze (95% tooj liab thiab 5% txhuas) tau siv rau minting npib hauv kev sib cais ntawm ib, ob, peb, tsib kopecks thaum 26-57 xyoo ntawm xyoo pua nees nkaum. Qhov tau txais txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj npib yog tias lawv tau nyuaj tshaj lawv cov ua ntej tooj liab.
Cov tooj dag npib tau pov los ntawm ib qho me me ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc. Lawv kuj nyuaj heev, tab sis tseem tsis tshua muaj kev ruaj khov dua li txhuas tooj npib. Alloy tooj dag tau siv rau hauv tebchaws USSR txij li 58 txog 91 ntawm xyoo pua xyoo dhau los rau kev tsim cov npib hauv cov kev sib cais ntawm ib, ob, peb thiab tsib kopecks, thiab xyoo 1991, kaum kopeck npib tau raug pov ntawm tooj dag. Nyob rau hauv 92-93 xyoo ntawm xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tsib caug thiab ib puas ruble npib tau tsim los ntawm tooj dag hauv Lavxias. Txij li xyoo 1997, tooj dag npib ntawm kaum thiab tsib caug kopecks tau tshwm sim, thiab cov hlau nplaum no tseem siv tam sim no hauv bimetallic kaum-ruble npib.
Ncuav Qab Zib khob thiab npib tsib xee
Cupronickel yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab, zinc, npib tsib xee hauv qhov feem ntawm 3: 1: 1. Cov alloy no tiv taus ob qho tib si kev thiab khaus. Hauv lub sijhawm los ntawm 31 txog 57 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws tau siv rau minting kaum-, kaum tsib- thiab nees nkaum-kopeck npib. Txij li xyoo 1997 - rau cov nyiaj npib nyob rau hauv denominations ntawm ib thiab tsib kopecks thiab rau tsib-ruble npib.
Tooj liab-npib tsib xee alloy muaj kev tiv thaiv tsawg dua li ntawm cupronickel. Nws tau siv los tso nyiaj npib hauv kev ua lag luam ntawm kaum, kaum tsib, nees nkaum thiab tsib caug kopecks thiab ruble npib hauv xyoo 58-91 ntawm 19th caug xyoo. Nyob rau lub sijhawm 92-93, npib ntawm kaum, nees nkaum, tsib caug thiab ib puas rubles tau minted los ntawm cov hlau no. Txij li thaum xyoo 1997, hauv tebchaws Russia, cov nyiaj npib tau tsim tawm los ntawm cov kab ntawv no hauv cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib thiab ob rubles.
Cov nyiaj niaj hnub
Tam sim no lawv tsim steel clad npib ntawm kaum thiab tsib caug kopecks (cov hlau yog coated nrog cov tooj liab), thiab kaum-ruble npib yog electroplated los ntawm tooj dag, thaum npib hauv cov kev sib cais ntawm ib, ob thiab tsib rubles yog nickel-plated.
Hauv kev tig ntawm cuaj caum-thawj zaug hauv USSR, bimetallic npib tau muab thawj zaug - kaum-ruble npib. Qhov sib txawv ntawm bimetallic npib yog tias lawv sab nraud thiab sab hauv ntxig yog ua los ntawm cov alloys sib txawv.
