Qhov kev tso kawm ntawm cov cim lus ntu sib cuam tshuam rau lub hom phiaj hauv kab lus ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Kws sau K. G. Paustovsky muab piv rau lawv nrog cov cim suab paj nruas uas "tsis txhob cia cov ntawv nyeem tawg." Tam sim no nws nyuaj rau peb xav tias ntev ntev, cov cim me me tsis tau siv thaum luam ntawv.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kauj ruam 1
Cov cim phiajcim tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe nrog kev sib kis ntawm typography. Qhov system ntawm cov paib tseem tsis tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg European, tab sis qiv los ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub nyob rau xyoo pua 15. Ua ntej lawv cov tsos, cov ntawv nyeem nyuaj rau kev nyeem ntawv: tsis muaj qhov tsis sib luag ntawm cov lus, lossis cov ntawv sau tau sawv cev tsis muaj feem. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, cov kev cai rau kev tso kawm ntawm cov cim ntu pib ua haujlwm tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 18th, sawv cev rau ib ntu ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus hu ua "punctuation". Tus tsim ntawm kev hloov pauv no yog M. V. Lomonosov.
Kauj ruam 2
Lub sijhawm tau txiav txim siab pom tias yog feem ntau cov cim thaum ub, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov cim sau ntawv (cov npe ntawm qee lwm tus tau cuam tshuam nrog nws). Muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias monuments, lub ntsiab lus muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv niaj hnub no. Nws tuaj yeem ib zaug tau tso rau yam tsis tau saib ib qho kev txiav txim thiab tsis yog rau hauv qab, zoo li tam sim no, tab sis nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm kab.
Kauj ruam 3
Qhov tsis nco qab yog cim rau cov cim sau ua ke. Lub npe tuaj yeem pom twb tau nyob hauv 15 xyoo pua. Raws li V. I. Dahl, lub ntsiab lus lexical ntawm lo lus tau ua nrog lub verbs "dab teg", "stammer", uas tam sim no yuav tsum to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm "nres" lossis "qeeb".
Kauj ruam 4
Feem ntau ntawm lwm cov cim ntu muaj tshwm sim thaum 16 thiab 18th centuries. Cov ntawv qhwv caj dab thiab cov xim loj tau pib siv hauv 16th caug xyoo, raws li pov thawj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau cia. 17-18 xyoo dhau los - lub sijhawm thaum Lavxias Dolomonosov grammars hais txog qhov khoo exclamation. Thaum kawg ntawm cov kab lus nrog hais cov kev xav muaj zog, ib txoj kab ncaj nraim tau kos tshaj qhov taw tes. M. V. Lomonosov txhais cov kev cai rau teeb tsa cov cim exclamation. Hauv cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm 16 xyoo pua. koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus nug sau, tab sis tsuas yog ob xyoo tom qab nws tau pib siv los qhia ib lo lus nug. Lub semicolon thawj zaug tau siv los ua nruab nrab ntawm tus nyuv thiab lub siab, thiab kuj hloov cov cim rau kab lus nug.
Kauj ruam 5
Ntau ntau tom qab tuaj ellipsis thiab dashes. Tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab sau ntawv N. Karamzin ua rau lawv nrov thiab txuas lawv kev siv sau ntawv. Hauv Cov Qauv Qauv ntawm A. Kh. Vostokov (1831), ellipsis tau sau tseg, tab sis hauv cov ntawv sau tau pom nws tau pom ua ntej.
Kauj Ruam 6
Lo lus "xas cim kab kos" tau siv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau sau tseg ib lub cim (nuv) daim phiajcim. Raws li qhov kev xav, Karamzin npaj siab los qhia cov cim kev cim rau hauv cov ntawv sau hais lus. Lub npe tis "cov lej" tuaj yeem piv rau lo lus "paws".
Kauj Ruam 7
Muaj kaum lub cim ntu hauv Lavxias niaj hnub. Feem ntau ntawm lawv cov npe yog ntawm thawj hom neeg Lavxias, lo lus "khiav ceev" yog qiv los ntawm lus Fab Kis. Cov npe qub yog nthuav. Cov phiaj xwm raug hu ua "muaj peev xwm" (muaj qee cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv). Tus hais lus tau cuam tshuam los ntawm "tus poj niam ntsiag to" - kev khiav ceev, lub suab npe hu ua "ib nrab kab". Txij li thaum lub exclamation cim yog Ameslikas xav qhia kev xav tsis thoob, nws tau hu ua "amazing."
Kauj ruam 8
Txoj kab liab, hauv nws txoj hauv kev, ua cov cim ntu thiab muaj keeb kwm zoo nkauj ntawm nws qhov keeb kwm. Tsis ntev dhau los, cov ntawv raug ntaus tsis muaj dab tsi kos. Tom qab sau cov ntawv sau tag nrho, cov cim taw qhia ntawm cov ntu txuas tau muab sau nrog cov xim ntawm cov xim sib txawv. Thaj chaw dawb tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov phiajcim ntawd. Tsis nco qab ib zaug tso lawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw khoob, peb tuaj rau lub xaus tias cov ntawv nyeem nrog kab ntawv nyeem tau zoo heev. Nov yog li cas cov pawg lus thiab ib txoj kab liab tshwm.
