Xyoo 1948, pab pawg tshawb fawb ntawm Academician I. E. Tamm ntawm kev tsim cov thermonuclear riam phom tau suav nrog Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov. Tau ntau xyoo ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, nws yog tus kws sau thiab ua ke ntawm qee cov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.
Cov Lus Qhia
Kauj ruam 1
Cov lus sib cav tshaj A. D. Sakharov, uas nws tiv thaiv nyob rau xyoo 1947, tau mob siab rau qhov teeb meem ntawm tsis ua haujlwm nuclear kev hloov chaw. Nws npaj siab xaiv txoj cai tshiab rau them parity. Ntxiv rau, nws pom txoj hauv kev los mus rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob thiab ib tus neeg tshaj lij hauv kev tsim cov khub. Raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm tawm, tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov sib txawv hauv lub zog ntawm ob theem ntawm hydrogen atom yog me me, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeev dawb thiab ua txhua yam, hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog nws tus kheej thaj teb sib txawv. Thaum ntxov, cov kev xav zoo sib xws tau ua los ntawm American astrophysicist H. Bethe, uas tau txais nqi zog Nobel rau qhov kev tshawb pom no xyoo 1967. Kev suav ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb tau khaws zais cia ntev. Tab sis nws tau ua tsaug rau lawv tias xyoo 1948 Sakharov tau raug caw tuaj rau Tamm pawg.
Kauj ruam 2
Kev Kawm I. E. Tamm sau cov kws tshawb fawb los sim ua phiaj xwm qhov foob pob. Txoj haujlwm raug npaj los ntawm Ya. B. Zeldovich. Sakharov cov haujlwm hauv ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb tau muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov kev xav tau muab tso rau tom hauv ntej los ntawm nws tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ncaj qha raws li siab xav. Nws kuj tau hloov pauv qhov zoo. Andrey Dmitrievich txoj kev koom tes rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub foob pob yog qhov zoo heev. Tom qab ntawd nws tau raug hu ua "leej txiv ntawm lub thermonuclear foob pob." Pab pawg tau ua tiav rau lub Yim Hli 1953.
Kauj ruam 3
Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm A. D. Sakharova tsis txwv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim lub foob pob hluav taws xob. Xyoo 1950, Sakharov thiab Tamm muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib nqus ntshav ntshav sib xyaw. Kev suav ntawm kev teeb tsa rau kev tswj hwm thermonuclear fusion tau ua tiav. Sakharov yog thawj lub tswv yim los qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib nqus sib cais ntawm deuterium-tritium plasma rhuab mus txog ib lab degrees. Xyoo 1951, hauv kev ua haujlwm "Kev tshawb xav ntawm lub zog thermonuclear reactor", kev tsim qauv ntawm lub npe hu ua "nqus hlau nplaum" tau sau tseg. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tswv yim hais tias ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntshav, sib luag them nyiaj nuclei yuav tuaj yeem sib txuas. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hluavtaws xws li, ntau lub zog yuav tsum tau tso tawm. Kev teeb tsa rau kev sib nqus cov ntshav sib nqus tau hu ua "Tokamak". Rau ntau dua 60 xyoo, cov kws qhia lub cev los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau sim ua kom muaj lub zog sib luag zoo raws li kev tsim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm A. D. Sakharov.
Kauj ruam 4
Kuj A. D. Sakharov tau los nrog lub tswv yim tsim superstrong hlau nplaum. Lawv raug thov kom ua qhov no los ntawm kev sib nqus cov duab sib nqus flux nrog lub plhaub ntsej muag zoo li tus kheej. Xyoo 1961, cov kws tshawb fawb muab lub tswv yim los siv laser compression kom tswj tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermonuclear zoo. Tag nrho cov no constituted lub hauv paus niaj hnub rau cov kev tshawb fawb loj hauv lub tshav pob thermonuclear zog.
Kauj ruam 5
Piav qhia cov baryon asymmetry ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb yog lwm qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb. Rau lub sijhawm ntev, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov me me thiab cov tshuaj tua kabmob yog qhov zoo kiag li. HUAB TAIS. Sakharov soj ntsuam cov lus nug ntawm qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov tsis muaj antigalaxies thiab tiv thaiv cov hnub qub. Ntawm lub hauv paus no, xyoo 1967, nws tsim cov xwm txheej rau kev tshwm sim ntawm asymmetry hauv thawj lub sijhawm ntawm cov tsos ntawm qhov kub lub ntiaj teb. Kev ua txhaum CP-parity nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tawg ntawm cov phaj pib tau npe raws li ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj. Lwm qhov laj thawj yog qhov kev ua txhaum ntawm symmetry nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm thim rov qab. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas qhov laj thawj ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov proton, Sakharov npaj siab xaus lus txog qhov tsis ua raws cai baryon them nqi.
Kauj Ruam 6
Tus kws qhia ntawv Sakharov txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb kuj yog cov teeb meem ntawm qhov inhomogeneity ntawm kev faib khoom ntawm teeb meem hauv lub Ntiaj Teb. Nyob rau theem ntawm kev tsim ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb, txhua yam tshuaj muaj qhov tsis xws luag. Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev xav hauv ib qhov chaw, muaj kev tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov teeb meem ib puag ncig poob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm no. Xyoo 1963, kev ua haujlwm "Qhov pib theem ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm inhomogeneity hauv kev faib cov khoom" tau mob siab rau qhov teebmeem no. Hauv nws A. D. Sakharov yog thawj zaug qhia tias quantum hloov pauv yog qhov ua kom muaj qhov ua ntej ntawm inhomogeneities. Nyob rau xyoo 2011, raws kev tshawb fawb no, astrophysicists nrhiav tau inhomogeneities hauv qhov chaw rov tshwm sim keeb kwm yav dhau los. Hauv kev hwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb uas ua ntej tso cov tswv yim no, lawv tau lub npe "Sakharov oscillations".
