"Nres, lub sij hawm!" - Coob tus neeg tuaj yeem sau npe yuav cov lus ntawm J. V. Goethe. Yog li kuv xav khaws cia rau kuv tus kheej cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj lossis daim duab ntawm ib tus neeg hlub, los ua rau kuv qhov tshwm sim rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, thiab tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus muaj peev xwm kawm tau kev kos duab. Tuaj rau kev cawm dim "kos duab ntawm kev yees duab" - yees duab.
Kev yees duab yog kev nrhiav tau cov duab los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov khoom ua kom pom lub teeb rau lub teeb thiab khaws cia.
Txawm hais tias lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, tib neeg tau pom tias lub teeb muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau qee yam khoom siv thiab khoom: tib neeg daim tawv xim tsaus xim los ntawm nws, thiab qee lub pob zeb - opal thiab amethyst - txim taws.
Thawj tus uas tau siv lub zog ntawm lub teeb ci hauv kev xyaum yog tus kws paub txog Arab Algazen, uas nyob hauv lub nroog Basra hauv lub xyoo pua 10. Nws pom tias yog tias lub teeb nkag mus rau hauv chav tsaus tsaus ntuj nti los ntawm qhov me me, ib qho duab inverted tshwm rau ntawm phab ntsa. Alhazen siv qhov tshwm sim no los soj ntsuam lub hnub ci dab noj hnub kom tsis txhob saib ncaj qha rau lub hnub. Roger Bacon, Guillaume de Saint-Cloud, thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tau ua tib yam.
Xws li cuab yeej siv tau lub npe hu ua "camera obscura". Leonardno da Vinci twv twv siv nws rau kev txiav txim siab los ntawm cov xwm. Tom qab ntawd, cov koob yees duab ntawm lub koob yees duab tau tshwm sim dua, ntau qhov kev xav tau yooj yim, nruab nrog lub iav tsom. Tab sis txog rau thaum xyoo pua puv 19, qhov siab tshaj plaws uas lub koob yees duab tso cai tau ua yog kos cov duab projected nrog mem hluav.
Thawj thawj kauj ruam mus rau kev saib xyuas cov duab yog tus German physicist J. G. Schulze. Xyoo 1725 nws sib xyaw nitric acid, muaj ib cov nyiaj me me, nrog chalk. Qhov sib tov dawb tau tsaus los ntawm lub hnub ci. Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm J. G. Schulze tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, thiab ib tus ntawm lawv yog tus kws kho yawg J. F. Niepce, tswj kho cov duab ua los ntawm lub koob yees duab obscura mus rau lub phaj uas npog nrog txheej txheej ntawm asphalt. Nws siv 8 teev los muab cov duab, hnub no xws li cov duab yuav tsis haum leej twg, tab sis qhov no yog thawj daim duab. Nws tau tsim hauv 1826 thiab tau hu ua "Saib ntawm lub Qhov rai". Ib qho tseem ceeb tau txais kev nyem ntawm daim duab rau ntawm etched asphalt, ua tsaug uas daim duab yuav rov ua tau dua.
Qee lub sijhawm tom qab, ib tus neeg nyiam ua haujlwm ntawm J. F. Niepce, J. Daguerre, tuaj yeem tau txais ib daim duab ntawm daim phiaj tooj liab npog nrog cov khoom siv yoog-xim - nyiaj iodide. Tom qab ib nrab ntawm ib teev ntawm kev kis, tus neeg tsim khoom tau kho lub phaj nrog cov pa av nyob rau hauv chav tsaus, thiab siv cov rooj ntsev ua cov txhim kho. Hom no tau hu ua daguerreotype. Daim duab tau zoo, i.e. xim dub thiab dawb, tab sis nrog tib ntxoov grey uas phim cov xim. Nws tau mus tua nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tsuas yog nyob ruaj ruaj khoom, thiab nws tsis yooj yim sua kom rov ua cov duab zoo li ntawd.
Ntau yam ntxiv yooj yim yog cov qauv tsim los ntawm lus Askiv chemist W. Talbot - calotype. Nws siv cov ntawv impregnated nrog nyiaj chloride. Lub zog lub teeb ua rau ntawm daim ntawv zoo li ntawd, qhov tsaus ntuj nws dhau los, yog li tau txais cov duab tsis zoo, thiab cov duab zoo yog coj los ntawm nws rau ntawm tib daim ntawv. Thiab koj tuaj yeem ua ntau ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm zoo! Nws kuj tseem ceeb tias W. Talbot ua tiav qhov kev sib kis, siv ob peb feeb.
Tom qab U. Talbot cov kev sim, peb tuaj yeem hais txog kev yees duab yees nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev niaj hnub. Lo lus no tau hais txog nws tus kheej los ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb - tus German I. Medler thiab tus Askiv Askiv W. Herschel. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ob lub koob yees duab thiab cov duab thaij tau zoo dua.
Thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20, kev thaij duab digital tau yug - lub thev naus laus zis tsis yog los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj feem xyuam nrog kev siv nyiaj ntsev, tab sis ntawm kev hloov ntawm lub teeb nrog lub teeb tshwj xeeb ntawm kev xav.
