Lomonosov sau hais tias "Hlau yog lub teeb uas lub cev tuaj yeem tsim tau,". Txhua ntawm cov hlau nto moo muaj nws tus kheej "biography" thiab nws tus kheej, txawv ntawm lwm tus, muaj qhov zoo. Tooj liab tau qhib lub caij nyoog ntawm cov hlau nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev vam meej. Lub "Hnub nyoog tooj liab" tau hu ua lub sijhawm hloov los ntawm lig Neolithic mus rau "Bronze". Lub sijhawm no, thawj cov khoom siv tooj liab tau tshwm sim - thawj cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab tom qab ntawd riam phom. Kev thov ntawm tooj liab tsuas yog nce raws sijhawm.
Hauv Ancient Sab Hnub Tuaj, cov khoom siv tooj liab tau rov qab rau 4 xyoo txhiab BC, hauv Tebchaws Europe - Thib 3. 5000 xyoo - qhov no yog lub txee lub neej ntawm tooj liab dej kav hauv Cheops pyramid. Ntau yam uas ib tug neeg xav tau yog ua los ntawm cov hlau zoo nkauj thiab kav ntev ntawm cov zib ntab thiab pinkish-liab xim (Latin lub npe Cuprum - Cu).
Tooj liab yog tsis tshua pom muaj nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nuggets. Tias yog vim li cas nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ub tus txiv neej thawj tuaj hla cov hlau no tshwj xeeb. Nws muab tawm los ua qhov zoo kawg. Yooj yim kov, tsis ntshai dej thiab tsis xeb. Thaum tooj liab tau khawb tawm los ntawm cov tooj liab hauv cov ntau thiab cov haujlwm sib tsoo pib ua haujlwm, nws hloov tawm tias cov hlau melts yooj yim ntawm 1083 ° C thiab muaj siab ductility. Tooj liab tuaj yeem raug dov mus rau hauv cov ntawv ci zoo tshaj plaws nrog lub tuab ntawm tsuas yog 0.03 hli, thiab cov xaim tuaj yeem rub tawm ntau thinner li tib neeg cov plaub hau.
Kev siv hauv tsev tooj liab yog paub zoo hauv yav dhau los yav tom ntej. Samovars, chandeliers, tais, ceg txawb tswm ciab, tswb nrov, khawm thiab ntau ntxiv raug tsim los ntawm nws. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntawm yav dhau los tsis muaj dab tsi xav txog yam tsis muaj tooj liab, yog nws ntos, lub moos, chav ciav hlau lossis lub ncu pa.
Hnub no kev lag luam tooj liab muaj ntau qib. Txhua ntawm lawv yog siv rau kev tsim cov khoom sib txawv uas yuav tsum muaj qib sib txawv ntawm elongation, xuas nrig ntaus thiab tiv thaiv kom dov. Cov hlau muaj hluav taws xob siab thiab cov thermal conductivity. Yog tias peb coj lub thermal conductivity ntawm granite raws li chav tsev, ces nws yuav nce 21 zaug siab dua rau cov hlau, thiab 177 zaug rau tooj liab. Tias yog vim li cas cov tooj liab ntshiab siv dav hauv kev tsim ua ntau yam hauv tub yees thiab khoom siv cua sov, hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, xov tooj cua thiab hluav taws xob, los ntawm cov tub yees mus rau microwaves.
Tooj liab yog ib qho yooj yim solder thiab yog li ntawd yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm boilers. Hlau yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov tsheb radiators, hloov pauv cua sov, cua sov thiab cua sov ua haujlwm. Lub peev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau los tiv thaiv xeb ua rau tooj liab thiab nws cov alloys indispensable hauv kev tsim kho nkoj, hauv kev tsim cov raj xa dej thiab cov kav dej hauv cov tshuab dej siab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias cov khoom no nyab xeeb thaum thauj dej.
Kuj ceeb tias qhov tseeb: cov kab mob tsis tshwm sim saum npoo ntawm tooj liab, thiab yog li ntawd nws txhob txwm siv rau kev tsim khoom siv rau tsev kho mob. Tooj liab kuj tseem pom qhov chaw uas tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau nws lub zog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tshuab cua txias. Copper cookware tseem nyob hauv nqe thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Nws nyiam chefs nrog nws lub siab hloov pauv kub thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom sov zoo ib yam. Vim tias qhov tseeb tias cov hlau zoo nkauj thiab xis nyob hauv kev tsim yog yooj yim polished rau cov ntawv xav tau thiab cov yam ntxwv xav tau, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov tsim qauv sab hauv zoo siab rau nws.
Tooj liab yog txheej txheem ntawm ntau cov hlau ntau. Phosphorous tooj liab yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev xav tau, los ntawm txhua hom xov tooj hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj sib cuag tau tsim, yooj yim kho lawv cov duab nrog khoov me ntsis.
Cov nyiaj npib uas ib txwm dhau los "tooj liab" yog minted los ntawm ib qho txuas ntawm tooj liab thiab txhuas. Muaj kuj yog tooj liab hauv peb "nyiaj" me ntsis khoom hauv hnab nyiaj - raws li kev ntxiv rau lub hauv paus hlau nickel. Lub cim muaj npe nrov rau Peter I hauv St. Petersburg, uas yog hu ua "Medny", tsis yog ua los ntawm tooj liab, tab sis ntawm tooj dag. Bronzes yog alloys ntawm tooj liab nrog tin, txhuas, manganese, cadmium, beryllium, txhuas thiab lwm yam hlau. Ib qho tooj daj twg yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg 50% tooj liab. Nrog rau lwm cov kev tshaj tawm, nws yuav yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv: babbitt, manganin, thiab lwm yam. Copper-nickel alloys tsis yog siv rau hauv mint nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov phiaj xwm loj - hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm dav hlau thiab chaw.
