Rau ib qho khoom twg uas xav tau, nws yuav tsum muaj cov khoom thiab cov qauv zoo uas yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg. Tab sis ntxiv rau, nws cov npe tuaj yeem raug nce los ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem ua lag luam, ib qho yog kev tshaj tawm.
Qhov kev lag luam yooj yim tshaj plaws txawm muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb txheej puag thaum ub. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, ib tus neeg tuaj yeem nrhiav papyri, uas tshaj tawm qhov muag ntawm txhua yam khoom ntiag tug, feem ntau ua qhev. Kev tshaj tawm tom qab ntawv suav nrog cov ntawv sau sau rau ntawm cov duab kos lossis pleev xim rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tuam tsev. Hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Loos, lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab cov ntawv sau uas tau dai thiab nyeem rau hauv cov square.
Kev tshaj tawm nyob rau sab hnub poob
Thawj tshaj tawm hauv qhov kev txiav txim zoo ib txwm pom hauv xyoo pua 15th. Tom qab ntawd Johannes Gutenberg tsim tus qauv luam ntawv, uas cim lub sijhawm ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv loj. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm thawj zaug tau tshaj tawm txij 1472. Nws tau tshaj tawm txog kev muag cov phau ntawv thov hauv lub tsev teev ntuj mus rau lub qhov rooj uas nws tau txuas nrog.
Nyob rau hauv 1630 Theophrastus nquag qhib lub chaw ua haujlwm siv, uas tau koom nrog kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv Fab Kis Fab Kis. Tab sis lawv tau, raws li txoj cai, ntawm qhov tsis yog lag luam, thiab lawv tau xa los ntawm ib tus neeg dhau los.
Tom qab ntawd, cov tub lag luam paub qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab pib tshaj tawm lawv cov khoom. Feem ntau cov zaub mov yog zaub mov. Thaum xub thawj lawv tau meej thiab qhuav. Tab sis tsis ntev lub suab thiab cov cwj pwm ntawm cov xov hloov pauv, thiab kev siv ntawm cov zajlus thiab cov qauv tsim tau los ua qhov kev coj ua.
Tom qab tsim tau ntawm kev luam duab hauv xyoo 1839, cov ntawv tshaj tawm pib tshaj tawm tsis yog ntxiv nrog cov duab kos duab. Qhov no, nyeg, nce kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom zoo, txij li yav dhau los daim duab tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv yam tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kuaj pom kev hloov pauv.
Tom qab ntawd cov koomhaum tshwj xeeb pib nrog kev tshaj tawm. Lawv tau muab kev pabcuam rau kev sib sau ntawm cov ntawv, xaiv cov duab, qhov chaw. Yog li, thawj lub tuam txhab, uas, ntawm lwm yam, tau koom nrog thiab ua cov phiaj xwm kev tshaj tawm yog suav tias yog lub koom haum Ayer thiab Son. Nws tau tsim tsa hauv 1890.
Kev tshaj tawm Lavxias
Cov neeg lag luam Lavxias rov qab rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10. siv tshaj tawm los ua txoj hauv kev los txhawb lawv cov khoom. Yog li lawv tau them ib qhov nqi nyiaj rau cov xyoob ntoo. Cov tom kawg sawv ntawm ib sab ntawm cov tub lag luam lub khw thiab nrov nrov qhia cov neeg hla - los ntawm hais txog qhov muaj los ntawm cov khoom no lossis qhov khoom ntawd, nws txoj kev tsim nyog.
Ib qhov kev koom tes rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam kev tshaj tawm tau ua los ntawm pej xeem cov duab - luam tawm nrov. Lawv xa cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab. Ib qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv lawv tau nyob nrog cov lus ntawm ib hom kev coj mus muag. Thiab nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, lawv tau los ua txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tshaj tawm.
Nyob rau lub xyoo pua puv 19, tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm txhua daim ntawv: nws tau muab tso rau ntawm cov neeg taug kev hauv txoj kev, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas tau muab faib rau nws ua daim ntawv qhia hnub nyoog thiab cov npe khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, thawj cov ntawv xov xwm tshaj tawm tau tshwm sim, xws li Nizhegorodskaya Yarmarka thiab Kev Lag Luam.
Tom qab kev tsim ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim, kev tshaj tawm, zoo li txhua lwm ceg ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau pej xeem, tuaj hauv qab tswj hwm ntawm tog. Nws tsuas yog txhais tau tias yog kev nyiam thiab nthuav tawm kev lag luam nyiaj txiag. Tsuas yog cov koomhaum ntawm tsoomfwv thiaj li tuaj yeem luam tawm xwb. Tom qab Tsov Rog Pej Xeem thiab NEP, kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam tau pib rov ua dua.
